{"id":4434,"date":"2026-09-27T19:22:18","date_gmt":"2026-09-27T19:22:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/huyuglobal.com\/?p=4434"},"modified":"2026-09-27T19:22:20","modified_gmt":"2026-09-27T19:22:20","slug":"for-electric-power-transmission-copper-or-aluminium-wire-is-used","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/huyuglobal.com\/tr\/blog\/for-electric-power-transmission-copper-or-aluminium-wire-is-used\/","title":{"rendered":"Elektrik G\u00fcc\u00fc \u0130letimi \u0130\u00e7in, Bak\u0131r m\u0131 Yoksa Al\u00fcminyum Tel mi Kullan\u0131l\u0131r?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Bir enerji hatt\u0131na g\u00f6z att\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda, b\u00fcy\u00fck olas\u0131l\u0131kla al\u00fcminyumdan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, ancak laboratuvarda bak\u0131r daha iyi bir iletkendir. Al\u00fcminyum kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 belirleyen fakt\u00f6r elektrik de\u011fil, a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k, a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k mesafeleri ve fiyatt\u0131r. Bu makale her malzemenin kullan\u0131m alanlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6zetler, al\u00fcminyumun havai iletim hatlar\u0131nda bak\u0131r\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne nas\u0131l ge\u00e7ti\u011fini ancak yeralt\u0131 iletim ve \u015falt cihazlar\u0131nda hala rekabet etti\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klar ve hatt\u0131n sonland\u0131rma noktalar\u0131nda neye yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlat\u0131r.<\/p>\n

K\u0131sa cevap: En b\u00fcy\u00fck miktarda havai elektrik g\u00fcc\u00fc iletimi, ithal edilen g\u00fc\u00e7 iletim tellerinin \u2019\u0131ndan fazlas\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan al\u00fcminyum teller arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilir. Elektrik g\u00fcc\u00fc iletiminde kullan\u0131lan al\u00fcminyum teller genellikle \u00e7elik \u00e7ekirdekli al\u00fcminyum tel anlam\u0131na gelen ACSR olarak bilinir. Bak\u0131r teller, kablo montaj\u0131, busbarlar, motorlar ve trafolar gibi alanlarda, tel a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan \u00e7ok alan ve ba\u011flant\u0131 g\u00fcvenilirli\u011finin tercih edilmesi gereken durumlarda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Al\u00fcminyum, bak\u0131r\u0131n iletti\u011fi elektri\u011fin yaln\u0131zca \u2019ini iletir ve maliyeti bak\u0131r maliyetinin yakla\u015f\u0131k -30\u2019u kadard\u0131r, ancak bak\u0131rdan daha hafiftir ve ayn\u0131 elektrik direncine sahip al\u00fcminyum tel, \u00e7ap\u0131 biraz daha b\u00fcy\u00fck oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in yakla\u015f\u0131k iki kat daha hafiftir.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Tart\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zen say\u0131lar<\/h2>\n

\u0130ki metal de elektri\u011fi iletmede \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck sa\u011flar, ancak fark \u00e7o\u011fu ki\u015finin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden \u00e7ok daha azd\u0131r; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc ayn\u0131 boyuttaki teller de\u011fil, e\u015fit kapasitedeki teller kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda. Bak\u0131r, daha hacimsel oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in kazanan; ayn\u0131 alana sahip bir tel i\u00e7in daha fazla elektrik ta\u015f\u0131yabilir. Al\u00fcminyum ise \u00f6zg\u00fcl a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sayesinde kazanan; ayn\u0131 iletkenlik i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde daha hafif ve \u00e7ok daha ucuzdur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
20 \u00b0C\u2019de \u00f6zellikler<\/th>\nSert \u00e7ekilmi\u015f bak\u0131r<\/th>\nSert \u00e7ekilmi\u015f al\u00fcminyum<\/th>\nGalvanizli \u00e7elik<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
Diren\u00e7 (\u00d710-8<\/sup> \u03a9\u00b7m)<\/td>\n1.72<\/td>\n2.83<\/td>\nyakla\u015f\u0131k 14<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0130letkenlik (1 IACS)<\/td>\n97 (tavlanm\u0131\u015f bak\u0131r 100)<\/td>\n61<\/td>\nyakla\u015f\u0131k 12<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Yo\u011funluk (kg\/m\u00b3)<\/td>\n8,890<\/td>\n2,703<\/td>\n7,800<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Maksimum \u00e7ekme dayan\u0131m\u0131 (MPa)<\/td>\n380-420<\/td>\n160-200<\/td>\n1,300-1,500<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
S\u0131cakl\u0131k katsay\u0131s\u0131 (\u00d710-3<\/sup>\/\u00b0C)<\/td>\n3.93<\/td>\n4.03<\/td>\n4.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
G\u00f6receli malzeme maliyeti (2026 g\u00f6stergesi)<\/td>\nTon ba\u015f\u0131na 8.800-11.000 USD<\/td>\nTon ba\u015f\u0131na 2.400-3.200 USD<\/td>\nUygulamaya ba\u011fl\u0131<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

M\u00fchendislik a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan sonu\u00e7lar netle\u015fir. Elektrik direnci a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan, al\u00fcminyumun bak\u0131ra g\u00f6re yakla\u015f\u0131k 1,6 kat daha fazla y\u00fczey alan\u0131 vard\u0131r ve \u00e7ap\u0131 bak\u0131rdan yakla\u015f\u0131k 1,28 kat daha geni\u015ftir. Ancak bu iletkenin boyutuna ra\u011fmen, a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yaln\u0131zca yakla\u015f\u0131k yar\u0131s\u0131 kadard\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, al\u00fcminyum \u00fcretimi i\u00e7in hammadde fiyatlar\u0131 bak\u0131rdan \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck oldu\u011fundan, ayn\u0131 boyuttaki bir al\u00fcminyum iletken, bak\u0131r muadili maliyetinin yakla\u015f\u0131k -50\u2019si kadard\u0131r ve kendi ba\u015f\u0131na daha hafiftir.<\/p>\n

Al\u00fcminyumun mekanik a\u00e7\u0131dan \u00f6nemli bir dezavantaj\u0131 vard\u0131r. \u00c7ekme dayan\u0131m\u0131 bak\u0131r\u0131n neredeyse yar\u0131s\u0131 kadar d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr. Ayr\u0131ca, uzun s\u00fcreli y\u00fck alt\u0131nda uzama sorunu ya\u015famas\u0131 gibi dezavantajlar\u0131 vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\"Tart\u0131\u015fmay\u0131<\/p>\n

Al\u00fcminyumun havai hatlarda kazanmas\u0131n\u0131n nedeni<\/h2>\n

\u0130ki sorumlulu\u011fu ay\u0131rarak, sorun tamamen ortadan kalkar. ACSR (Aluminium Conductor Steel Reinforced), d\u0131\u015fta al\u00fcminyum teller ve i\u00e7inde \u00e7elik ve galvanizli \u00e7elik \u00e7ekirdekten olu\u015fur. \u00c7elik \u00e7ekirdek gerilimi korurken, al\u00fcminyum ak\u0131m\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131maktan sorumludur. \u00c7elik, iletkenin \u00e7ekirde\u011finde bulundu\u011fu i\u00e7in elektriksel a\u00e7\u0131dan neredeyse hi\u00e7 rol oynamaz; bu t\u00fcr iletkende ak\u0131m yo\u011funlu\u011fu en d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr. \u0130letken 54\/7 olarak belirtilir, bu da \u00e7elik \u00e7ekirde\u011fin 7 teli etraf\u0131nda 54 al\u00fcminyum tel oldu\u011fu anlam\u0131na gelir.<\/p>\n

\u0130letken hafif yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, t\u00fcm iletim sisteminin in\u015fas\u0131 daha ucuz hale gelir. Daha hafif teller, direkler aras\u0131ndaki a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131klar\u0131n daha uzun olmas\u0131na olanak tan\u0131r; bu da daha az direk, daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck temeller ve daha az arazi temizli\u011fi anlam\u0131na gelir. \u00c7e\u015fitli sekt\u00f6r tahminlerine g\u00f6re, tamamen bak\u0131r sistemlerin kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 altyap\u0131da tasarruf -40\u2019a kadar \u00e7\u0131kabilir. Daha uzun hatlarda, bu avantaj iletkenlik verimlili\u011fi hesaplar\u0131n\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131 a\u015far.<\/p>\n

Dikkate al\u0131nmas\u0131 gereken ba\u015fka bir avantaj daha vard\u0131r. E\u015fit diren\u00e7li AC iletkenlerin tasar\u0131m\u0131 \u00e7ap olarak yakla\u015f\u0131k daha geni\u015ftir, bu nedenle elektrik y\u00fck\u00fc y\u00fczeye daha e\u015fit da\u011f\u0131l\u0131r ve korona bo\u015falmas\u0131 etkisi azal\u0131r. \u0130n\u015faat sahas\u0131nda fazla gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnen bu boyut, 400 kV gerilim seviyesinde iyi bir avantaj sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u0130letken<\/th>\nYap\u0131<\/th>\nDayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131k kayna\u011f\u0131<\/th>\nKullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 yer<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
AAC<\/td>\nTam al\u00fcminyum teller<\/td>\nSadece al\u00fcminyum<\/td>\nK\u0131sa a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131klar, trafo merkezi baras\u0131, kentsel da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
AAAC<\/td>\nAl\u00fcminyum-magnezyum-silikon ala\u015f\u0131m\u0131 teller<\/td>\nAla\u015f\u0131m<\/td>\nK\u0131y\u0131 ve end\u00fcstriyel atmosferler; bimetalik korozyon yok<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ACSR<\/td>\nGalvanizli \u00e7elik \u00e7ekirdek \u00fczerinde al\u00fcminyum<\/td>\n\u00c7elik \u00e7ekirdek<\/td>\nD\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda havai iletim i\u00e7in varsay\u0131lan<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ACAR<\/td>\nAl\u00fcminyum ala\u015f\u0131m teller \u00fczerinde al\u00fcminyum<\/td>\nAla\u015f\u0131m \u00e7ekirdek<\/td>\nAAC\u2019den daha fazla dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131k gerektiren korozyona duyarl\u0131 g\u00fczergahlar<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ACSS<\/td>\nTavlanm\u0131\u015f al\u00fcminyum y\u00fcksek dayan\u0131ml\u0131 \u00e7ekirdek \u00fczerinde<\/td>\n\u00c7ekirdek, esasen tamam\u0131<\/td>\nMevcut bir g\u00fczergah\u0131n kapasite art\u0131r\u0131m\u0131; y\u00fcksek i\u015fletme s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Where copper still wins, and why<\/h2>\n

The underground cable is the last bastion of copper in the cable industry, and the reason for that is the issue of space. A trench, duct, or cable tray has a predetermined space, and any extra square millimeter of the conductor needs to be justified by digging, ducting, and pulling efforts. Wherever there is a need for a large cross-section, copper conductivity wins the competition. Underwater use creates one more rationale for copper use: strong construction for long supportless runs and at the entry points where cable is pulled.<\/p>\n

In electrical devices the picture is even clearer. Busbars, motor and transformer windings, contactor coils, control wires are all made of copper, since the housing has a fixed size, and connection quality manifests itself more than price of metal. 3,200 A of electrical busbar made out of copper should have about 1.6 times smaller section made of aluminum which normally does not fit. DC traction (metro third rail and overhead systems, arc furnaces, electrolytic plants) remains with copper for the same purpose.<\/p>\n

Then there is the conversion argument: any current system constructed from copper cannot be transitioned into aluminum without changing all the assumptions regarding ampacity, fault ratings and protection settings at the same time.<\/p>\n

The failure modes that gave aluminium a bad name<\/h2>\n

Aluminium has gained a bad reputation that it has largely earned \u2014 but it is not the material’s fault. During a time of unprecedented copper costs, it was then assumed that the same technologies, devices, and torque values being used on copper would also work when using aluminium in homes in North America. Three properties then played into the situation.<\/p>\n

First, aluminium reacts with oxygen and forms an oxide coating, which is an insulating material that has a melting point of around 2,072 \u00b0C; thus, it is good for corrosion-resistance and not good for screw terminals. Secondly, aluminium expands significantly more than copper during thermal cycles; therefore, the connection made is going to be loose after a great number of thermal cycling. Thirdly, since aluminium is anodic to copper, the presence of moisture causes galvanic corrosion of the contact whenever there is a direct contact of the two metals.<\/p>\n

All these problems lead to one classic failure: a receptacle getting warm enough to develop arcs. The solutions for making modern aluminium wiring safe are oxide inhibiting compound applied directly at connections, CO\/ALR-rated devices used especially for aluminium conductors, bimetallic transition connections between copper and aluminium, as well as torque values calculated and considered in respect of expanding properties of aluminium.<\/p>\n

For anyone working on existing aluminium branch circuits, the diagnostic is heat rather than appearance. A termination that has begun to fail will usually show discoloured insulation, a scorched device or nuisance tripping long before it fails outright, and the same fingerprint \u2014 warmth under light load, then trips that make no sense \u2014 is how you catch a breaker that has gone bad<\/a> at the other end of the circuit.<\/p>\n

Matching the conductor to the voltage class<\/h2>\n

The way power is transmitted changes as the transmission voltage changes, and the change is caused by geometry and not economics.Above roughly 220 kV, lines carry more than one conductor per phase, and the same logic that governs the difference between high voltage and low voltage<\/a> design decides how many. A 400 kV line commonly runs two or four sub-conductors per phase in a bundle rather than one very large conductor.<\/p>\n

The change in power transmission has to do with inductance and corona effects. Inductance of a power line is determined only by the physical radius of the wire, and the increase of the radius of a single wire does not have much influence on inductance. To make it effective, wires are bundled into a number of smaller wires, therefore, the effective radius increases with the number of wires, while maintaining the electric field at the surface low enough to avoid corona. Hence, the aluminum content in the wires grows with voltage, and the design of the wires is done beforehand, thus it does not depend on the manufacturer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
ACSR code name<\/th>\nStranding Al \/ steel<\/th>\nOverall diameter<\/th>\nDC resistance at 20 \u00b0C<\/th>\nTipik Kullan\u0131m<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
Dog<\/td>\n6\/4.72 + 7\/1.57<\/td>\n14.15 mm<\/td>\n0.2745 \u03a9\/km<\/td>\n33-66 kV lines<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Panther<\/td>\n30\/3.00 + 7\/3.00<\/td>\n21.00 mm<\/td>\n0.1390 \u03a9\/km<\/td>\n132 kV lines<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Zebra<\/td>\n54\/3.18 + 7\/3.18<\/td>\n28.62 mm<\/td>\n0.0688 \u03a9\/km<\/td>\n220 kV and 400 kV, bundled<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Moose<\/td>\n54\/3.53 + 7\/3.53<\/td>\n31.77 mm<\/td>\n0.0561 \u03a9\/km<\/td>\n400 kV, twin or quad bundle<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

These names are derived from national conductor catalogs, while the figures that follow \u2014 including diameter, stranding, resistance, and geometric mean radius \u2014 are key considerations in designing a line. The first aspect concerning the substance of the conductor is resolved far in advance of reviewing the conductor table.<\/p>\n

\"Matching<\/p>\n

Ampacity, temperature and terminal ratings<\/h2>\n

The lower conductivity of aluminium extends to the ampacity tables as well. With the same conductor size, aluminium is able to conduct around 78-80% of the ampacity of copper at the same temperature rating for insulation. For example, a 1\/0 conductor rated at 75 \u00b0C presents an ampacity of 150 A in copper and an ampacity of 120 A in aluminium. In order to achieve the same ampacity level, it is necessary to use a larger conductor \u2014 the general rule is to use a conductor that is two AWG sizes larger than in copper.In the end, this brings the issue of the space \u2014the aluminium conductor that conducts the required current requires different raceway sizes, different lugs and more space at the panel.<\/p>\n

Two details in the code create most cases of errors in the field. The first one is the fact that ampacity depends on the temperature ratings of wiring and terminations. A 90 \u00b0C insulated conductor connected to a 75 \u00b0C rated terminal can only be used at the lower figure unless the assembly is listed otherwise, and that listing is exactly what a UL 489 molded case circuit breaker<\/a> declares in its terminal temperature rating rather than in its marketing literature. The second detail is that aluminium connections must be made using connectors that are listed as suitable for aluminium wiring, using the aforementioned torque and the oxide inhibitor according to the specifications of the connector manufacturer.<\/p>\n

What this means for switchgear and terminations<\/h2>\n

At this stage, the decision made by the conductor is no longer a decision regarding the wire, but one concerning the switchgear. The use of aluminium feeders requires that every piece of equipment connected to the wires is rated for both aluminium and copper; the termination equipment has to be bimetallic involving an aluminium and copper connection wherever aluminium is used with copper.<\/p>\n

HUYU’s manufacturing line makes components such as MCBs, MCCBs, air circuit breakers, contactors, relays, current transformers, surge protection devices, automatic transfer switches and PV combiner boxes. We do not produce wire, thus we do not view it to be up to us to make the choice between aluminium and copper.What we do is supply equipment whose terminals are rated for both, with the torque and conductor-range data published \u2014 a DIN-rail Bu sofistike<\/a> is only a 63 A device to the extent its terminals accept the conductor you bring to it.<\/p>\n

As we have learnt from our experience with failures in the field, it is important to remember that whenever a feeder changes material during a run, the junction of that change must be at a designated terminal or at a bimetallic connector \u2014 never half-way along a run with a split bolt and a piece of tape.<\/p>\n

How to decide on a real project<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Uygulama<\/th>\nMalzeme<\/th>\nSebep<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
Overhead transmission and distribution<\/td>\nAluminium (ACSR \/ AAAC)<\/td>\nWeight, span length, tower cost, diameter and corona<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Underground and submarine cable<\/td>\nCopper, sometimes aluminium for large LV<\/td>\nCross-section is expensive; robustness at landing points<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Switchgear busbars and control wiring<\/td>\nBak\u0131r<\/td>\nFixed enclosure volume; connection reliability<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Motor and transformer windings<\/td>\nCopper; aluminium in cost-driven distribution units<\/td>\nWinding space, losses, heat dissipation<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Building feeders, larger circuits<\/td>\nAluminium for size and cost; copper for tight routes<\/td>\nTrade-off between metal cost and raceway space<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Existing installations<\/td>\nMatch what is already there<\/td>\nAvoid re-rating studies and mixed-metal terminations<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

System-level decisions often push the answer one step further. On a large industrial site, the conductor material interacts with the distribution architecture \u2014 how many transformers, how long the MV runs, how much MV switchgear \u2014 which is why enterprise-scale distribution systems<\/a> are designed as a whole rather than conductor by conductor, and why optimising the architecture usually saves more than the metal swap does.<\/p>\n

SSS<\/h2>\n

Is aluminium or copper better for power transmission?<\/h3>\n

Aluminium is preferred for overhead lines by an enormous factor, with more than 90% of the global network employed in its use. Copper is better suited for underground lines, equipment, or situations where the cross-section is predetermined. They both have their strengths; the question then is which constraint applies to the situation in question.<\/p>\n

Why is aluminium used instead of copper in overhead lines?<\/h3>\n

This is because an aluminium conductor with the same resistance weighs only approximately half as much and costs about 35-50% of the price of the copper equivalent. The fact that the weight is half makes the spans longer and more towers and smaller foundations are needed to properly support the structure.<\/p>\n

Can copper and aluminium wires be connected directly?<\/h3>\n

Avoid using it in any damp or exterior area. Aluminium is electropositive to copper, which can cause galvanic action in the presence of moisture within the connection. Therefore, make sure to use special bimetal connectors designed specifically for the two metals.<\/p>\n

Does aluminium wire carry less current than copper of the same size?<\/h3>\n

Indeed, typically the Copper rating is around 78 to 80 percent for the same insulation temperature of the insulation. If you want the same amount of current and voltage, you’ll use about two AWG sizes up which would require bigger conductors and therefore bigger sizes of both raceways and lugs as well.<\/p>\n

What is ACSR and why is the steel core there?<\/h3>\n

The Aluminium Conductor Steel Reinforced (ACSR) is formed by placing a steel wire core at the centre of several layers of aluminum wires. The role of steel is to take the tensile stress that the hard drawn aluminum cannot manage on long spans, while the aluminum is responsible for carrying electrical current. Since steel is located in the central part of the conductor where the place for the electrical current is minimum, almost no electrical loss occurs.<\/p>\n

Is aluminium wiring in a house dangerous?<\/h3>\n

Not per se, but it does require proper device installation. The mistakes that happened in the 1960s and 1970s can be attributed to the use of aluminum wire connectors with devices that were not rated for such conductors, but were utilized without the appropriate installation or proper torque. Nowadays, with the use of the oxide-inhibiting compound, the devices rated for CO\/ALR rating, as well as bimetallic gadgets the process works correctly and efficiently under the condition that those requirements are fulfilled.<\/p>\n

Referanslar<\/h2>\n