{"id":2789,"date":"2026-06-16T06:59:18","date_gmt":"2026-06-16T06:59:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/huyuglobal.com\/?p=2789"},"modified":"2026-06-16T06:59:20","modified_gmt":"2026-06-16T06:59:20","slug":"replacing-fuses-with-circuit-breakers","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/huyuglobal.com\/vi\/blog\/replacing-fuses-with-circuit-breakers\/","title":{"rendered":"Thay th\u1ebf c\u1ea7u ch\u00ec b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea7u dao"},"content":{"rendered":"

M\u1ed9t th\u1ee3 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e0 \u1edf Chicago v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 2022 l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 3 trong m\u1ed9t tu\u1ea7n sau khi th\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t c\u1ea7u ch\u00ec 15 amp cho h\u1ed9p c\u1ea7u ch\u00ec t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1950 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4 \u1ea5y. Khi c\u1ea7u ch\u00ec b\u1ecb th\u1ed5i m\u1ed7i khi m\u00e1y n\u01b0\u1edbng b\u00e1nh m\u00ec v\u00e0 l\u00f2 vi s\u00f3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng mong mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n (l\u00e0m tan ch\u1ea3y ph\u1ea7n kim lo\u1ea1i khi d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n qu\u00e1 l\u1edbn). Tuy nhi\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 mua m\u1ed9t c\u1ea7u ch\u00ec lo\u1ea1i S 15 amp kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed7i 48 gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi. Anh \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p, n\u00e2ng c\u1ea5p t\u1eeb c\u1ea7u ch\u00ec sang c\u1ea7u dao v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed5 sung m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m t\u1ea3i m\u1edbi. Trung t\u00e2m t\u1ea3i m\u1edbi (ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea3ng c\u1ea7u dao) s\u1ebd cung c\u1ea5p b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 qu\u00e1 d\u00f2ng theo c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi \u00edt b\u1ea5t ti\u1ec7n h\u01a1n, v\u00ec c\u1ea7u dao<\/strong><\/a> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t l\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng tay thay v\u00ec thay th\u1ebf, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 GFCI, AFCI v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 qu\u00e1 \u00e1p m\u00e0 h\u1ed9p c\u1ea7u ch\u00ec hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3.<\/p>\n

Kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a c\u00f4 \u1ea5y t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 s\u1edf h\u1eefu t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t; khi n\u00e0o n\u00ean thay th\u1ebf c\u1ea7u ch\u00ec b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea7u dao, v\u00e0 khi n\u00e0o c\u1ea7u ch\u00ec v\u1eabn l\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t? Ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u201clu\u00f4n n\u00e2ng c\u1ea5p\u201d, m\u00e0 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng, d\u00f2ng l\u1ed7i, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00e0 m\u1ea1ch y\u00eau c\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n

\"C\u00e1ch<\/p>\n

C\u00e1ch m\u00e0 c\u1ea7u ch\u00ec v\u00e0 c\u1ea7u dao kh\u00e1c nhau trong tri\u1ebft l\u00fd b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang<\/h2>\n

C\u1ea7u ch\u00ec v\u00e0 c\u1ea7u dao \u0111\u1ec1u cung c\u1ea5p b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 qu\u00e1 d\u00f2ng m\u1ea1ch; tuy nhi\u00ean, ch\u00fang th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c nhau, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c tri\u1ec3n khai t\u1ed1i \u01b0u c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t c\u1ea7u ch\u00ec l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf. B\u00ean trong th\u00e2n c\u1ea7u ch\u00ec, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n kim lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 mang d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 khi d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a c\u1ea7u ch\u00ec \u0111\u1ee7 l\u00e2u s\u1ebd l\u00e0m tan ch\u1ea3y ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ch h\u1edf. Vi\u1ec7c tan ch\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh th\u1eddi gian\/d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n, (s\u1ebd c\u00f3) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nhanh, tr\u00ec ho\u00e3n, ho\u1eb7c theo c\u00e1ch hai ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 cho lo\u1ea1i t\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f3. Sau khi m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa b\u1edfi c\u1ea7u ch\u00ec, n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf. \u0110\u00e2y v\u1eeba l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m y\u1ebfu v\u1eeba l\u00e0 l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u1ea7u ch\u00ec v\u00ec vi\u1ec7c thay th\u1ebf c\u1ea7u ch\u00ec \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ban \u0111\u1ea7u \/ thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb suy gi\u1ea3m. Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, c\u1ea7u ch\u00ec c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c ng\u1eaft r\u1ea5t cao, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 200.000 Ampe v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u1edf nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u00f3 d\u00f2ng l\u1ed7i r\u1ea5t cao; V\u00ed d\u1ee5: L\u1ed1i v\u00e0o d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i l\u1edbn.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t c\u1ea7u dao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t l\u1ea1i. B\u00ean trong, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 qu\u00e1 t\u1ea3i nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t d\u1ea3i kim lo\u1ea1i hai l\u1edbp, trong khi b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ng\u1eafn m\u1ea1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb. Khi m\u1ed9t c\u1ea7u dao b\u1ecb ng\u1eaft, n\u00f3 m\u1edf c\u00e1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a n\u00f3; c\u00e1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef m\u1edf b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf b\u00ean trong; h\u1ed3 quang ph\u00e1t sinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eadp t\u1eaft trong m\u1ed9t \u1ed1ng h\u1ed3 quang. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u1ea7u dao \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ng\u1eaft, b\u1ea1n ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n l\u1eadt tay c\u1ea7m tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u201cb\u1eadt\u201d; kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf; b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf ch\u00fang ho\u1eb7c mua th\u1ee9 g\u00ec kh\u00e1c thay th\u1ebf! MCBs (c\u1ea7u dao mini) v\u00e0 MCCBs (c\u1ea7u dao v\u1ecf \u0111\u00fac) l\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n cho ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i trong d\u00e2n c\u01b0, th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. MCBs v\u00e0 MCCBs c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cong ng\u1eaft kh\u00e1c nhau (B, C, D cho MCBs; c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh cho h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft MCCBs) \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i t\u1ea3i kh\u00e1c nhau. Ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cong ng\u1eaft, MCBs v\u00e0 MCCBs cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 c\u1ea7u ch\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 l\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ea5t GFCI\/RCBO; b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 l\u1ed7i h\u1ed3 quang AFCI). HUYU cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb n\u00e0y, bao g\u1ed3m HUM18\u201163 AC MCB<\/a> cho c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ch nh\u00e1nh ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n, HUM18LE\u201163 RCBO<\/a> cho c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ch y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ea3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 qu\u00e1 d\u00f2ng v\u00e0 r\u00f2 r\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 HUB9NEZ\u201180 c\u1ea7u dao \u0111i\u1ec7n DC<\/a> cho c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng pin DC v\u00e0 PV.<\/p>\n

T\u00f3m t\u1eaft c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00ednh<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/th>\nC\u1ea7u ch\u00ec<\/th>\nC\u1ea7u dao<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/strong><\/td>\nY\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 hy sinh tan ch\u1ea3y; s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n<\/td>\nNg\u1eaft c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc; c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t l\u1ea1i<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ng\u1eaft<\/strong><\/td>\nR\u1ea5t cao (th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 200 kA)<\/td>\n10 kA \u0111\u1ebfn 100 kA t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o lo\u1ea1i<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
T\u00ednh ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7<\/strong><\/td>\nXu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc; c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cong th\u1eddi gian - d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u01b0\u1ee3t m\u00e0 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n<\/td>\nT\u1ed1t; y\u00eau c\u1ea7u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p cho c\u00e1c c\u1ea7u dao n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/strong><\/td>\nC\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 nhanh tr\u00ean c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i cao; c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1eadm h\u01a1n tr\u00ean c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 t\u1ea3i v\u1eeba<\/td>\nNhanh tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ng\u1eafn m\u1ea1ch; theo m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cong nhi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n tr\u00ean c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 t\u1ea3i<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 b\u1ed5 sung<\/strong><\/td>\nKh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec v\u1ed1n c\u00f3<\/td>\nGFCI, AFCI v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng k\u00e9p c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Kh\u00e1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p<\/strong><\/td>\nC\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc sai (r\u1ee7i ro do l\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng)<\/td>\nTay c\u1ea7m kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb \u00e9p v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c cao h\u01a1n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb xa<\/strong><\/td>\nKh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3<\/td>\nC\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 ho\u1eb7c ng\u1eaft b\u1eb1ng shunt<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\"B\u1ea1n<\/p>\n

B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf c\u1ea7u ch\u00ec b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea7u dao kh\u00f4ng?<\/h2>\n

C\u00f3, trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c h\u1ed9 gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 doanh nghi\u1ec7p, vi\u1ec7c thay th\u1ebf b\u1ea3ng c\u1ea7u ch\u00ec b\u1eb1ng b\u1ea3ng c\u1ea7u dao l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 thi v\u00e0 n\u00ean l\u00e0m. Quy tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c thay th\u1ebf ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ed9p c\u1ea7u ch\u00ec (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0, v\u1ecf ch\u1ee9a c\u1ea7u ch\u00ec cho c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb qu\u00e1 d\u00f2ng) b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng c\u1ea7u dao hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0, trung t\u00e2m t\u1ea3i ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea3ng ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i). M\u1ed7i d\u00e2y m\u1ea1ch hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u1eaft k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i kh\u1ecfi gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ea7u ch\u00ec t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u1ea7u dao m\u1edbi c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u1edbi d\u00e2y m\u1ea1ch m\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0, d\u00e2y m\u1ea1ch 15-Amp s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ea7u dao 15-Amp, d\u00e2y m\u1ea1ch 20-Amp s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ea7u dao 20-Amp, v.v.). T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0o d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 ti\u1ec7n \u00edch, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 li\u00ean k\u1ebft s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt theo m\u00e3 hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a quy tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

Thay th\u1ebf c\u1ea7u ch\u00ec b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea7u dao kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 nh\u01b0 b\u1ea1n ngh\u0129. C\u00f3 hai thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c nhau cho c\u1ea7u ch\u00ec v\u00e0 c\u1ea7u dao n\u00ean ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf cho nhau; b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 th\u00e1o c\u1ea7u ch\u00ec ra v\u00e0 \u201cv\u1eb7n\u201d (ch\u00e8n) m\u1ed9t c\u1ea7u dao v\u00e0o c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7. Trong m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, c\u1ea7u ch\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ee1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a c\u1ee5m b\u1ea3ng; trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u00e1c, c\u1ea7u dao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1eb9p v\u00e0o thanh d\u1eabn ch\u00ednh (thanh bus). Thay \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1ea3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t th\u1ee3 \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u00f3 gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p \u2013 th\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh trong m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y (ho\u1eb7c \u00edt h\u01a1n) cho c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n d\u00e2n d\u1ee5ng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n.<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ee3i \u00edch khi chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i h\u1ed9p c\u1ea7u ch\u00ec hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n th\u00e0nh b\u1ea3ng c\u1ea7u dao. \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e0 s\u1ebd c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1eb7t l\u1ea1i c\u1ea7u dao b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch nh\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng t\u1eafc thay v\u00ec c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u00ecm ra c\u1ea7u ch\u00ec n\u00e0o c\u1ea7n thay th\u1ebf. Th\u1ee9 hai, b\u1ea3ng c\u1ea7u dao m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u1ea7u dao AFCI v\u00e0 GFCI hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi B\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt \u0110i\u1ec7n Qu\u1ed1c gia (NEC) cho h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ch trong c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1edbi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o l\u1edbn trong kh\u00f4ng gian s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u1ea9m \u01b0\u1edbt. Th\u1ee9 ba, r\u1ee7i ro qu\u00e1 t\u1ea3i c\u1ea7u ch\u00ec (m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh nguy hi\u1ec3m nh\u1ea5t trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u0111i\u1ec7n; \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra khi ai \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t c\u1ea7u ch\u00ec 30-amp v\u00e0 v\u1eb7n v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ch 15-amp) s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00ec b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 qu\u00e1 t\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t c\u1ea7u dao. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m tr\u1ebb y\u00eau c\u1ea7u kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd thay th\u1ebf h\u1ed9p c\u1ea7u ch\u00ec khi ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty c\u00f3 h\u1ed9p c\u1ea7u ch\u00ec c\u0169 (v\u00ed d\u1ee5, Federal Pacific v\u00e0 Zinsco) \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m tranh c\u00e3i cho c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9p c\u1ea7u ch\u00ec, ngay c\u1ea3 khi n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec t\u1ed1t, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1eedi m\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m r\u1eb1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n an to\u00e0n hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

\"Khi<\/p>\n

Khi m\u1ed9t c\u1ea7u ch\u00ec v\u1eabn l\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n<\/h2>\n

Ngay c\u1ea3 khi xem x\u00e9t r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p m\u00e0 c\u1ea7u dao r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf so v\u1edbi c\u1ea7u ch\u00ec, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng m\u00e0 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n l\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ea7u ch\u00ec thay v\u00ec c\u1ea7u dao; thay th\u1ebf c\u1ea7u ch\u00ec b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea7u dao s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3m an to\u00e0n, hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t, v.v.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u00f3 d\u00f2ng l\u1ed7i r\u1ea5t cao.<\/strong>\u00a0M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 trong m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng gian th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u1edbn h\u01a1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n c\u00f3 d\u00f2ng l\u1ed7i kh\u1ea3 d\u1ee5ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n 65,000 amp \u2014 ho\u1eb7c tr\u00ean 100,000 amp. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c c\u1ea7u dao d\u1ea1ng v\u1ecf s\u1ebd c\u00f3 x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng l\u00e0 10 kA, 22 kA, 25 kA, 35 kA ho\u1eb7c 65 kA. M\u1ed9t c\u1ea7u ch\u00ec \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o c\u00f3 x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng 200 kA s\u1ebd cung c\u1ea5p b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 cho m\u1ee9c l\u1ed7i t\u1ed1i \u0111a m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t c\u1ea7u dao 100 kA s\u1ebd c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 chi ph\u00ed v\u00e0 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch l\u1edbn. C\u1ea7u ch\u00ec l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i c\u01a1 s\u1edf n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c.<\/strong>\u00a0C\u00e1c c\u1ea7u ch\u00ec v\u1edbi hai \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1ec5 th\u1eddi gian cung c\u1ea5p b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 qu\u00e1 t\u1ea3i v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng cong th\u1eddi gian-d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u1ea7u ch\u00ec hai ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1edbp ch\u1eb7t v\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cong h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng nhi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 quan tr\u1ecdng, trong khi \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t c\u1ea7u dao t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec7t th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c n\u00e0y. M\u1ed9t r\u01a1 le qu\u00e1 t\u1ea3i (b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 khi ch\u1ea1y), c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u1ea7u ch\u00ec hai ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed (b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ng\u1eafn m\u1ea1ch), th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f9ng nhau cho c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p trong c\u00e1c th\u00f9ng MCC (trung t\u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1). B\u1ed9 l\u1eafp r\u00e1p hai ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m.<\/p>\n

B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 b\u00e1n d\u1eabn.<\/strong>\u00a0C\u1ea7u ch\u00ec b\u00e1n d\u1eabn ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea7u ch\u00ec si\u00eau nhanh (t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 cao) ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong mili gi\u00e2y v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c \u0111i-\u1ed1t, thyristor v\u00e0 IGBT kh\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea7u dao c\u01a1 kh\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nhanh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng cho \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i, ngu\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n, ho\u1eb7c b\u1ed9 ch\u1ec9nh l\u01b0u DC v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea7u ch\u00ec b\u00e1n d\u1eabn.<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u1ea7u ch\u00ec hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3.<\/strong>\u00a0Khi thay th\u1ebf m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u1ea7u ch\u00ec\/gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u1ea5p ch\u00ednh\/c\u1ea5p nh\u00e1nh) b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c c\u1ea7u dao, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n ho\u1eb7c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u00e2n t\u00edch l\u1ea1i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 cho b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u1ea7u ch\u00ec hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cong \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc trong ph\u00e2n t\u00edch tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 do c\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ea7u dao v\u00e0\/ho\u1eb7c vi\u1ec7c l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c c\u1ea7u dao m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

Khi n\u00e0o ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb c\u1ea7u ch\u00ec sang c\u1ea7u dao?<\/h2>\n

Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m t\u1eeb 1940-1970, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb c\u1ea7u ch\u00ec sang c\u1ea7u dao trong c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp B\u1eafc M\u1ef9. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c c\u1ea7u dao l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u00e0o th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1930, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1eaft \u0111\u1ecf \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn sau Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn II khi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng nhanh ch\u00f3ng trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u00e0 \u1edf, nhu c\u1ea7u t\u1ea3i \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u0103ng l\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c c\u1ea7u dao mini \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t; do \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n l\u1eadp m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u1edf B\u1eafc M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ea7u dao thay v\u00ec h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u1ed9p c\u1ea7u ch\u00ec. Ng\u00e0y nay, vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9p c\u1ea7u ch\u00ec hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 trong m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 cho th\u1ea5y n\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 40 \u0111\u1ebfn 60 n\u0103m tu\u1ed5i; do \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ebd l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd cho m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e0 v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

\"Con<\/p>\n

Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n: Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i h\u1ed9p c\u1ea7u ch\u00ec th\u00e0nh b\u1ea3ng c\u1ea7u dao<\/h2>\n

M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb h\u1ed9p c\u1ea7u ch\u00ec sang b\u1ea3ng c\u1ea7u dao l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng minh, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n do ch\u1ee7 s\u1edf h\u1eefu th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. C\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. T\u00ednh to\u00e1n t\u1ea3i.<\/strong>\u00a0\u0110\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra xem c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 ampe t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9p hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 (th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u1edf m\u1ee9c 60A ho\u1eb7c 100A) cho vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u00e0 ho\u1eb7c t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai hay kh\u00f4ng, th\u1ee3 \u0111i\u1ec7n s\u1ebd t\u00ednh to\u00e1n t\u1ea3i \u0111i\u1ec7n theo Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n NEC \u2013 \u0110i\u1ec1u 220. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf b\u1ea3ng c\u1ea7u ch\u00ec c\u0169 c\u0169ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng c\u1ea5p d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 l\u00ean m\u1ee9c 200A ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p.<\/li>\n
  2. Ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p v\u00e0 ti\u1ec7n \u00edch.<\/strong>\u00a0Gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p b\u1edfi ph\u00f2ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. C\u00f4ng ty ti\u1ec7n \u00edch s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o khi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2y d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 b\u1ecb ng\u1eaft trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thay th\u1ebf b\u1ea3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n.<\/li>\n
  3. L\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t b\u1ea3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n.<\/strong>\u00a0M\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 c\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 n\u00e0o b\u1ecb h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 l\u1edbn cho b\u1ea3ng m\u1edbi c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf. C\u00e1c c\u1ea7u dao m\u1edbi s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ch nh\u00e1nh hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 li\u00ean k\u1ebft s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u00e3 m\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t.<\/li>\n
  4. Ki\u1ec3m tra v\u00e0 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i.<\/strong>\u00a0Thanh tra x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh. C\u00f4ng ty ti\u1ec7n \u00edch k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5. Th\u1ee3 \u0111i\u1ec7n s\u1ebd d\u00e1n nh\u00e3n t\u1eebng c\u1ea7u dao v\u00e0 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ch ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Chi ph\u00ed chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i s\u1ebd thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo v\u00f9ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i. Chi ph\u00ed trung b\u00ecnh dao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb 2.500 \u0111\u1ebfn 5.500 v\u00e0 bao g\u1ed3m b\u1ea3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n 200 ampe m\u1edbi, c\u1ea7u dao m\u1edbi v\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed lao \u0111\u1ed9ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i. Chi ph\u00ed thay th\u1ebf m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i c\u1ea7u dao b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 th\u1ea5p. Vi\u1ec7c thay th\u1ebf to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 b\u1ea3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u1ed1n. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch n\u00e2ng c\u1ea5p c\u1ea7u dao s\u1ebd h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn b\u1ea1n chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea1m vi, chi ph\u00ed v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ea5p ph\u00e9p.<\/p>\n

    C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ea7u dao nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea7u ch\u00ec kh\u00f4ng?<\/h2>\n

    V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh, c\u1ea7u dao ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thay th\u1ebf cho c\u1ea7u ch\u00ec b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ee9c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 qu\u00e1 d\u00f2ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng d\u00e2y \u0111\u1ed3ng 14-gauge c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 t\u1ea3i t\u1ed1i \u0111a 15 ampe, th\u00ec c\u1ea3 c\u1ea7u ch\u00ec v\u00e0 c\u1ea7u dao \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u n\u00e0y. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u1ea7u dao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t l\u1ea1i thay v\u00ec thay th\u1ebf v\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c s\u1ebd b\u1ecb ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb c\u1ea7u ch\u00ec ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea7u dao c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c th\u1ea5p sang lo\u1ea1i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c cao h\u01a1n v\u00ec l\u00fd do an to\u00e0n. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t n\u00e0y, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u1ea7u dao mang l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 ti\u1ec7n l\u1ee3i h\u01a1n c\u1ea7u ch\u00ec; c\u1ea7u dao c\u0169ng cung c\u1ea5p ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng an to\u00e0n h\u01a1n c\u1ea7u ch\u00ec.<\/p>\n

    C\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea7u ch\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea7u dao; th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u0169 ho\u1eb7c n\u01a1i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u d\u00f2ng l\u1ed7i, c\u1ea7u ch\u00ec L\u00c0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea7u dao. Vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn gi\u1eefa hai thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, v\u00ec ch\u00fang ph\u1ea3i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a m\u1ea1ch m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c ng\u1eaft, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cong ng\u1eaft, t\u00ednh ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc v\u00e0 nhu c\u1ea7u b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec.<\/p>\n

    C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p<\/h2>\n

    B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf c\u1ea7u ch\u00ec b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea7u dao kh\u00f4ng?<\/h3>\n

    M\u1ed9t h\u1ed9p c\u1ea7u ch\u00ec h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng ng\u1eaft m\u1ea1ch hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i trong c\u1ea3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng d\u00e2n d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i. D\u00e2y nh\u00e1nh hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ng\u1eaft m\u1edbi c\u00f3 d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc d\u00e2y. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ee3 \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u00f3 gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf h\u1ed9p c\u1ea7u ch\u00ec cho b\u1ea1n, vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb h\u1ed9p c\u1ea7u ch\u00ec sang b\u1ea3ng ng\u1eaft m\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c quy chu\u1ea9n an to\u00e0n \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng theo quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec3u bang ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\n

    B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ed9 ng\u1eaft m\u1ea1ch nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea7u ch\u00ec kh\u00f4ng?<\/h3>\n

    Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, b\u1ed9 ng\u1eaft m\u1ea1ch cung c\u1ea5p b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u1ed1ng qu\u00e1 t\u1ea3i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u00f3 c\u1ea7u ch\u00ec, do d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n qu\u00e1 l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea1y qua b\u1ed9 ng\u1eaft. S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa hai thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ng\u1eaft m\u1ea1ch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t l\u1ea1i (t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u1eb7c th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng), trong khi c\u1ea7u ch\u00ec ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf. Trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng, b\u1ed9 ng\u1eaft m\u1ea1ch d\u1ec5 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh h\u01a1n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng can thi\u1ec7p t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi c\u1ea7u ch\u00ec.<\/p>\n

    Khi n\u00e0o h\u1ecd chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb c\u1ea7u ch\u00ec sang b\u1ed9 ng\u1eaft m\u1ea1ch?<\/h3>\n

    Vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb c\u1ea7u ch\u00ec sang b\u1ed9 ng\u1eaft m\u1ea1ch cho c\u00e1c t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 d\u00e2n d\u1ee5ng di\u1ec5n ra ch\u1eadm trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian t\u1eeb 1950 \u0111\u1ebfn 1980. V\u00e0o gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970, b\u1ea3ng ng\u1eaft m\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 m\u1edbi x\u00e2y \u1edf B\u1eafc M\u1ef9. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9p c\u1ea7u ch\u00ec trong m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 c\u0169 (kho\u1ea3ng 40-60 n\u0103m tu\u1ed5i).<\/p>\n

    C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i h\u1ed9p c\u1ea7u ch\u00ec th\u00e0nh b\u1ed9 ng\u1eaft m\u1ea1ch kh\u00f4ng?<\/h3>\n

    Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e2ng c\u1ea5p ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng c\u0169 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u01a1 quan \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ea3ng c\u0169 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh b\u1ea3ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u thay th\u1ebf to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 v\u1ecf, d\u00e2y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 (n\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n), v\u00e0 c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb qu\u00e1 d\u00f2ng. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng c\u0169 s\u1ebd c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng c\u1ea5p l\u00ean d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 200 amp, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y y\u00eau c\u1ea7u gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p \u0111i\u1ec7n, ng\u1eaft k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i ti\u1ec7n \u00edch v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m tra, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n ra \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c n\u00e2ng c\u1ea5p b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i l\u00ean d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 200 amp.<\/p>\n

    T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o<\/h2>\n